FULL TESIS

FULL TESIS

• By Sidauruk, Juniato;
• Tesis
• 65

Tesis ini membahas penggunaan instruksi berfokus bentuk dan pengaruhnya bagi pembelajar bahasa asing terkait kesalahan berbahasa pembelajar di kelas kemahiran berbicara. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa pembelajar umumnya memproduksi kesalahan tatabahasa, kosakata dan pelafalan. Pengajar memberikan instruksi berfokus bentuk berupa elisitasi langsung, permintaan klarifikasi, koreksi langsung, pengulangan, pengubahan, tanggapan metalinguistik, dan non verbal. Tanggap paling efektif adalah tanggap penggunaan balikan permintaan klarifikasi. Hasil penelitian menyarankan bahwa pengajar perlu memberikan balikan yang tepat agar menghasilkan tanggap yang sukses. Mengingat pentingnya penggunaan balikan untuk mendapatkan tanggap pembelajar dalam interaksi di kelas kemahiran berbicara, lembaga pengajaran diharapkan dapat memberikan pelatihan yang mendalam kepada pengajar tentang pemberian balikan yang efektif.

• Katakunci Instruksi berfokus bentuk, kesalahan-kesalahan berbahasa, balikan, tanggap, pengajar, pembelajar
• URL http://
• Penerbit ,

REFERENSI

Akhmad Sudrajat. Pendekatan, Strategi, Metode, Teknik, dan Model Pengajaran. Dilihat 8 September 2012 dari http://www.blog-indonesia.com/ tentang_pendidikan.html. September, 2008.

Alqahtani, A. A. EFL teachers' feedback to oral errors in EFL classroom: Teachers' perspectives.  Arab World English Journal, Volume 2, Number 1, Januari, 2011. Hlm. 214-232, 2011.

Askew, S. Feedback for learning. Florence, KY: Routledge, 2000.

Baleghizadeh, S. Focus on form in an EFL communicative classroom. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 2010, 4 (1). Hlm. 119-128, 2010.

Basturkmen, L. & Ellis, R. dalam Ren, Qingmei., Liang, Wenhua, dan Xun, Yang  (2011). Teacher’s stated beliefs about focus on form and their classroom practice: A comparison.  Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics (Quarterly). Vol. 34 No. 2. April 2011.

Bourke, J. Towards the design of a problem-solving program of instruction for teaching English grammar to secondary-level ESL students. Journal of Applied Research in Education, 8 (1), Hlm. 104–122, 2004.

Braidi, S. Reexamining the role of recasts in native-speaker/non-native speaker interactions. Language Learning, 52, Hlm. 1-42, 2002.

Briner, M. Constructivism. Diunduh Mei 2011 dari http://www.sedl.org/scimath/ compass/vol 03, dalam Shen, L. & Suwanthep, J. (2011). E-learning constructive role plays for EFL learners in China’s tertiary education. Hlm. 4-29.  Dalam Paul Robertson dan Roger Nunn (series Editors). Asian EFL Journal. Professional Teaching Articles. Vol. 49 January 2011.

Brown, H. D. Principles of language learning and teaching. (5th ed.). New York: Longman, 2007.

Brumfit, C. & Johnson, K. The communicative approach to language teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1979.

Chaudron, C. A descriptive model of discourse in the corrective treatment of learners’ errors. Language Learning, 27, Hlm. 29-46, 1977.

Cynthia Vientiani. Pengaruh Pola-Pola Balikan Interaksi Terhadap Perbaikan dari Pelajar Bahasa Indonesia Penutur Asing dalam Pengajaran Kemahiran Berbicara. Tesis. Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Universitas Indonesia, 2010.

87

Doughty, C. & Long, M. H. (Eds.) The handbook of second language acquisition. Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.

Doughty, C., & Varela, E. Communicative focus on form. Dalam C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.) (2005), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Hlm. 114-138. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Doughty, C. & Williams, J. Pedagogical choices in focus on form. Dalam C. Doughty & J. Williams (Eds.) (2005), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Hlm. 1–11. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Ellis, R. Second language acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.

-----. Second language acquisition. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

-----. Investigating form-focused instruction. Dalam Rod Ellis (Ed.), Form-focused instruction and second language learning. United Kingdom: Basil Blackwell, 2001a.

-----. Form-focused instruction and second language learning. The Best of Language Learning Series. Malden, USA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001b.

-----. Second language acquisition. Bristol: Oxford University Press, 2003a.

-----. Task-based language learning and teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003b.

-----. Current issues in the teaching of grammar: An SLA perspective. TESOL Quarterly 40(1), Hlm. 83–108, 2006. 

-----. Explicit form-focused instruction and second language acquisition. Dalam Bernard S. & Francis M. H. (2008). The handbook of educational linguistics. Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008a.

-----. The study of second language acquisition. 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008b.

Ellis, R., Basturkmen, H. & Loewen, S. Learner uptake in communicative ESL lessons. Language Learning 51,  Hlm. 281–318, 2001a.

-----. Preemptive focus on form in the ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, Vol. 35 (3), Hlm. 407-432, 2001b.

-----. Doing focus-on-form. System Vol. 30, Hlm. 419-432, 2002.

Ellis, R. & Sheen, Y. Reexamining the role of recasts in second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 28 (4), Hlm. 575-600, 2006.

Ellis, R., Sheen, Y., Murakami, M., & Takashima, H. The effects of focused and unfocused written corrective feedback in English as a foreign language context. System, 36, Hlm. 353-371, 2008.

Farrokhi, F. A practical step towards combining focus on form and focus on meaning. Journal of Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Year  49, No. 198, 2005.

Farrokhi, F. & Talabari, F.A. Focus on form instruction in EFL: Implications for theory and practice. Journal of English Language Teaching and Learning. No.222, Year 53 Autumn-Winter 2011, Hlm. 29-47, 2011.

Fotos, S. Shifting the focus from forms to form in the EFL classroom. ELT Journal, 52 (4), Hlm. 301-307, 1998. 

Gao, S. Focus on form in college English teaching. English Language Teaching. Vol. 2, No. 2, June 2009.

Gass, S.M. Input and interaction. Dalam C.J. Doughty & M.H. Long, Malden (Eds.). Handbook of second language acquisition.  Hlm. 224-255. Massachusetts: Blackwell, 2003.

Gass, S. M., & Selinker, L. Second language acquisition: An introductory course (3rd ed.). New York: Routledge, 2008.

Gwet, Kilem L. AgreeStat2011.2 Advanced Analytics. [Perangkat lunak komputer]. Diunduh 10 Maret 2012 dari http://advancedanalyticsllc.com. 2011.

Harley, B. The role of focus-on-form tasks in promoting child L2 acquisition. Dalam Doughty, C & Williams, J. (Eds.), (2005). Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Hlm. 156–173. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Harmer, J. The practice of English language teaching. 3rd edition. Cambridge: Longman Pearson Education, 1998.

Hedge, T. Teaching and learning in the language classroom. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Heine, L. Problem solving in a foreign language: A study in content and language integrated learning. SOLA Studies on Language Acquisition. Germany: De GruyterMouton, 2010.

Hinkel, E. Handbook of research in language teaching and learning. Vol. II. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia. KBBI Offline versi 1.1 [Perangkat lunak komputer]. Diunduh 27 Juni 2011 dari http://pusatbahasadiknas.go.id/kbbi. 2010.

Khatib, M. & Derakhshan, A. A complementary-compensatory approach to teaching focus on form/s in EFL/ESL classrooms. Dalam Theory and Practice in Language Studies, Vol. 1, No. 7, Hlm. 865-874, Juli 2011. Finland: Academy Publisher, 2011.

Lessard-Clouston. Focusing on form: a teacher’s research update on form-focused instruction. CALR Linguistics Journal, January 2011 (Arab Open University). http://biola.academia.edu/Mchael LessardClouston/Papers/, 2011.

Lightbown, P. The importance of timing in focus on form. Dalam Doughty & Williams, (2005) (Eds.), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Hlm. 177−196. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Lightbown, P., & Spada, N. How languages are learned (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.

Littlewood, W. Communicative and task-based language teaching in East Asian classrooms. Language Teaching, 40 (3), Hlm. 243–249, 2007.

Lodico, M. G., Spaulding, D.T., Voegtle, K.H. Methods in educational research: from theory to practice. 2nd ed. San Francisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010.

Loewen, S. Uptake in incidental focus on form in meaning-focused ESL lessons. Language Learning, 54, Hlm. 153-188, 2004. 

-----. Incidental focus on form and second language learning. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

-----. Second language research forum colloquia 2009. Colloquium – measuring the effectiveness of focus on form. Language Teaching (2011), 44-1. Hlm. 113-114. Cambridge, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Loewen, S., & Philp, J. Recasts in the adult English L2 classroom: Characteristics, explicitness, and effectiveness. The Modern Language Journal, 90, Hlm. 536–556, 2006.

Long, M. dalam Doughty, C. J. & Long, M.H. (Eds.). (2005). Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching methodology. Dalam K. de Bot, R. Ginsberg dan C. Kramsch (Eds.), Foreign language research in cross-cultural perspective. Hlm. 39–52. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 1991.

-----. Focus on form in task based language teaching. Dalam R.D. Lambert & E. Shohamy (Eds.), Language policy and pedagogy: Essays in honor of Ronald Walton Hlm. 179-192. Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 2000.

-----. The handbook of second language acquisition. Blackwell Publishing, 2005.

Long, M. H., & Robinson, P. Theory, research and practice. Dalam Doughty, C. & Williams, J. (Eds.). (2005), Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Hlm. 15–41. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Luciana. Focus on form and self repair task type perspective. Disertasi, Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya, Jakarta, 2009.

Lyster, R. Learning and teaching languages through content: A counterbalanced approach. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007.

Lyster, R., & Ranta, L. Corrective feedback and learner uptake: Negotiation of form in communicative classrooms. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, Hlm. 37-66, 1997.

Mackey, A., Gass, S., & McDonough, K. How do learners perceive interactional feedback? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 22, Hlm. 471-497. 2000.

Marzano, R. What works in schools: Translating research into action. Alexandria,Virginia: Association for Supervision & Curriculum Development, 2003.

Nassaji, H. Effects of recasts and elicitations in dyadic interaction and the role of feedback explicitness. Language Learning, 59 (2),  Hlm. 411-52, 2009.

Nassaji, H. & Fotos, S. Teaching grammar in second language classrooms: Integrating form-focused instruction in communicative context. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

Nicholas, H., Lightbown, P. & Spada, N. Recasts as feedback to language learners. Language Learning 51 (4), Hlm. 719-758, 2001.

Norris, J. M. & Ortega, L. Effectiveness of L2 instruction: A research synthesis and quantitative meta-analysis. Language Learning 50 (3), Hlm. 417–528, 2000. 

Nunan, D. Task-based language teaching. Cambridge: Cambridge University http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511667336, 2004.

Panova, I., & Lyster, R. Patterns of corrective feedback and uptake in an adult ESL classroom. TESOL Quarterly, 36, Hlm. 573-595, 2002.

PhoTransEdit 1.7d. Phonetic Transcription Editor. [Perangkat lunak komputer]. Diunduh 10 Juli 2012 dari http://www.phototransedit.com, 2011.

Philp, J. Constraints on "noticing the gap": Nonnative speakers' noticing of recasts in NS-NNS interaction. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 25, Hlm. 991-26, 2003.

Poole, A. Focus on form instruction: Foundations, applications, and criticisms. The Reading Matrix, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2005.

Rahimpour, M. & Magsoudpour, M. Teachers-students’ interactions in task-based vs form-focused instruction. World Journal of Education. Vol.1, No.1. April 2011. Published by Sciedu Press. www.sciedu.ca/wje, 2011.

Rahyono, F.X. Kiat menyusun skripsi dan strategi belajar di perguruan tinggi. Jakarta: Penaku, 2010.

Rezaei, S., Mozaffari, F., & Hatef, A. Corrective feedback in SLA: Classroom practice and future directions. International Journal of English Linguistics. Vol. 1, No. 1. Maret 2011. www.ccsenet.org/ijel, 2011.

Richards, J. C. & Rodgers, T. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1986.

Richards, J. C. & Schmidt, R. Longman dictionary of language teaching and applied linguistics. Fourth edition. Great Britain: Pearson Education Limited, 2010.

Seedhouse, P. Combining form and meaning. English Language Teaching Journal, 51 (4), Hlm. 336-344, 1997.

Sheen, Y. Corrective feedback and learner uptake in communicative classrooms across instructional settings. Language Teaching Research, 8 (3), Hlm. 263–300, 2004.

---------. Recasts, language anxiety, modified output and L2 learning. Language Learning, 58 (4), Hlm. 835–874, 2008.

Sheen, Y. & Ellis, R. Corrective feedback in language teaching, Dalam Hinkel (2011). Handbook of research in language teaching and learning. Vol. II. Hlm. 593-610. New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2011.

Shen, L. & Suwanthep, J. E-learning constructive role plays for EFL learners in China’s tertiary education. Dalam Paul Robertson dan Roger  Nunn (2011). Asian EFL Journal. Professional Teaching Articles. Vol. 49 Januari 2011.

Simina, V., & Hamel, M. CASLA through a social constructivist perspective: WebQuest in project-driven language learning. ReCALL, 17(2), 217-228, Dalam Shen, L. & Suwanthep, J. (2011). E-learning constructive role plays for EFL learners in China’s tertiary education, Hlm. 4-29. Dalam Paul Robertson dan Roger Nunn (series Editors) Asian EFL Journal. Professional Teaching Articles. Vol. 49, Januari 2011.

Smith, S. Input enhancement in instructed SLA: Theoretical bases. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15 (2), Hlm. 165–179, 1993.

Spada, N. Form-focussed instruction and second language acquisition: A review of classroom and laboratory research. Language Teaching, 30, Hlm. 73–87, 1997.

-----. Beyond form-focused instruction: Reflections on past, present and future research. Language Teaching (2011), 44 (2), Hlm. 225–236, Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Spada, N. & Lightbown, P.M. Form-focused instruction: Isolated or integrated? TESOL Quarterly 42, Hlm. 181−207, 2008.

Sulistyo-Basuki. Metode Penelitian. Jakarta: Penaku, 2010.

Swain, M. Three functions of output in second language learning. Dalam G, Cook, & B. Seidlhofer (Eds.), Principles and practice in the study of language: Studies in honor of H.G. Widdowson. Hlm. 125-144. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

Swain, M. & Lapkin, S. “Problems in output and the cognitive processes they generate: A step towards second language learning.” Applied Linguistics, 16 (3), Hlm. 371-391, 1995.

Thornburg, S. Uncovering grammar. Oxford: Macmillan Heinemann English Language Teaching, 2005.

VanPatten, B. Processing instruction: An update. Language Learning, 52 (4), Hlm. 755–803, 2002.

VanPatten, B. & Benati, A. G. Key terms in second language acquisition. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2010.

VanPatten, B., Williams, J., Rott, S. & Overstreet, M. Form-meaning connections in second language acquisitions. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2004.

Wahyu Widhiarso. Mengestimasi Reabilitas. SPSS untuk Psikologi. 23 April 2010. Universitas Gajah Mada. http://www.e-lisa.ugm.ac.id, 2010.

White, J. Getting the learners‘ attention: A typographical input enhancement study. Dalam Doughty, C. & Williams, J. (Eds.), (2005). Focus on form in classroom second language acquisition. Hlm. 85–113. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Widdowson, H. E. Teaching language as communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978.

Williams, J. Form-focused instruction. Dalam Eli Hinkel (ed.). Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning. Hlm. 671-691. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005.

Willis, J. A framework for task-based learning. London: Longman, 1996. 

Wina Senjaya. Strategi Pengajaran; Berorientasi Standar Proses Pendidikan. Jakarta: Kencana Prenada Media Group. 2008.

Yoshida, R. Teachers’ choice and learners’ preference of corrective feedback types. Language Awareness, 17 (1), 78–93, 2008.

Zhang. (2007). Dalam Sixia Gao. Focus on form in college English teaching. English Language Teaching. Vol. 2, No. 2, Juni 2009.